TITLE VIII — FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS, FREEDOMS AND DUTIES

Chapter I — General Principles

Article 125 — Human Dignity

The dignity of every person shall be inviolable.

The Crown, national institutions, seigneurial authorities and courts shall be required to respect and protect it.

No person may be subjected to torture, slavery, servitude or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.

Article 126 — Equality Before the Law

All citizens shall be equal before the law and enjoy the same legal protection.

No person may be subjected to arbitrary discrimination based, in particular, on sex, origin, beliefs or personal circumstances.

Noble and dynastic distinctions shall remain recognised within the limits of the prerogatives expressly established by the Constitution.

They may not justify arbitrary deprivation of fundamental rights.

Article 127 — Protection of Freedoms

Fundamental rights and freedoms shall be guaranteed throughout the territory of the Principality.

Their exercise may be restricted only by a lawfully applicable rule pursuing a legitimate aim and satisfying the requirements of necessity and proportionality.

Restrictions must be subject to judicial review.

Chapter II — Individual Freedoms

Article 128 — Freedom of Conscience and Religion

Freedom of conscience, belief and religion shall be guaranteed.

Everyone may practise a religion, change religion or practise none, with due respect for public order and the rights of others.

Any recognition of a religious tradition associated with the Crown or coronation ceremonies may not extinguish this freedom.

Article 129 — Freedom of Expression

Freedom of opinion and expression shall be guaranteed.

Everyone may express, defend and disseminate their opinions under the conditions prescribed by law.

Restrictions necessary to protect national security, reputation, privacy or the rights of others must be defined by law and proportionate.

Criticism of the institutions, the Government or the Crown shall not, in itself, constitute an offence.

Article 130 — Freedom of Assembly and Association

Freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of association shall be recognised.

Citizens may establish political, professional, cultural, religious or social organisations in accordance with the law.

Their activities may not be arbitrarily prohibited.

Restrictions relating to security, defence and sensitive public offices shall be determined by the applicable legislation.

Article 131 — Freedom of Movement and Residence

Everyone lawfully present in the territory shall enjoy freedom of movement and residence under the conditions prescribed by law.

Citizens may move and settle between fiefs without arbitrary restriction.

Specific measures concerning security, public health protection or access control at certain sites must have a legal basis.

Chapter III — Privacy and Property

Article 132 — Respect for Private Life

Private life, correspondence, communications and personal data shall be protected.

Any surveillance, interception or collection of data by a public authority must be based on a statutory power and subject to appropriate oversight safeguards.

Intelligence and national security requirements shall not dispense with compliance with constitutional safeguards.

Article 133 — Right to Property

The right to property shall be guaranteed.

Everyone may own, use, transfer and inherit property in accordance with the law.

The specific rules concerning fiefs, Crown property, strategic resources and dynastic succession shall remain applicable.

No person may be arbitrarily deprived of property.

Article 134 — Expropriation in the Public Interest

Expropriation may be ordered only on a lawful public-interest ground and through due procedure.

Territorial legislation may provide for specific compensation arrangements, including the absence of compensation in cases expressly authorised by the applicable law.

Every expropriation must be open to challenge before a competent court.

It may not be used arbitrarily to enrich an authority or a private person.

Chapter IV — Judicial Safeguards and Personal Security

Article 135 — Liberty and Security

No person may be arbitrarily arrested, detained or deprived of liberty.

Any measure depriving a person of liberty must be based on law and subject to the applicable judicial safeguards.

Every detained person must be able to ascertain the grounds for detention and exercise the remedies provided by law.

Article 136 — Rights of the Defence and the Principle of Legality in Criminal Matters

Everyone facing prosecution shall enjoy the presumption of innocence, the rights of the defence and the right to fair proceedings.

No person may be convicted of an act that did not constitute an offence at the time it was committed.

Criminal penalties must be prescribed by the applicable law and imposed in accordance with constitutional safeguards.

The specific provisions governing territorial justice and lawfully authorised penalties shall remain subject to these safeguards.

Chapter V — Collective Freedoms and Information

Article 137 — Information and the Press

The right of citizens to receive information of public interest shall be recognised.

The organisation of the institutional news press shall be the responsibility of the State, which may reserve its management to public bodies and employ journalists within a national information service.

The editorial independence of journalists in the performance of their duties shall be guaranteed by law.

The protection of classified information, military operations and essential national security interests may justify temporary restrictions that are legally regulated and subject to judicial review.

Regulation of press organisations may not extinguish the individual freedom of expression guaranteed by Article 129.

Chapter VI — Duties Towards the Principality

Article 138 — Respect for the Constitution and the Laws

Everyone present in the territory shall be required to comply with the Constitution and the lawfully applicable laws.

Citizens shall owe loyalty to the Principality and its constitutional order.

This obligation shall prohibit neither criticism of the authorities nor the exercise of remedies recognised by law.

Article 139 — Duty of National Defence

Citizens shall participate in the defence of the Principality under the conditions prescribed by the Constitution and the law.

Compulsory military service shall apply without distinction of sex, subject to legally prescribed exemptions and adjustments.

Its completion shall constitute a requirement for access to elective office and high public office, in accordance with the applicable constitutional provisions.

Restrictions on military deployment outside national territory shall be established in Title IX.

Article 140 — Civic and Fiscal Obligations

Citizens shall be required to contribute to public expenditure under the conditions established by national and territorial laws.

They must comply with lawfully established civic obligations, including those relating to defence, participation in public procedures and protection of the constitutional order.

No contribution or obligation may be imposed without a valid legal basis.

Chapter VII — Safeguards for Implementation

Article 141 — Judicial Protection of Fundamental Rights

Anyone whose constitutionally guaranteed rights have been infringed may exercise the remedies available before the competent courts.

National and territorial authorities must ensure that these rights are effective within their respective areas of competence.

The Constitutional Court shall ensure respect for fundamental safeguards under the referral conditions prescribed by Title VII.

No law or territorial regulation may extinguish the essential substance of the rights recognised by this Title.